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-
Part IV -
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T A B L E
O F
C O N T E N T S
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< iSurvived.org >
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<HolocaustRemembrance.net>
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< ForgetYouNot.net >
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Courtesy
of The Danish Center for Holocaust and
Genocide Studies
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<holocaust-uddannelse.dk>
<holocaust-education.dk>
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IV.
An Introduction to Holocaust Studies,
Anti-Semitism and Related Topics
 
Willy
Brandt's Silent Apology
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On December 7, 1970,
while in Warsaw for a
commemorative service
honoring the
participants of the
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising,
the German Chancellor
Willy Brandt kneels
in front of the
Monument,
in an apparent
gesture of apology,
repentance, and
reconciliation.
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Photo
Credit:
<dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2144598,00.html>
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German
Chancellor,
January
25, 2005.
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The
Yellow Star: The Persecution of the
Jews in Europe 1933-1945
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1.
Pre-Holocaust
Studies
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2.
Holocaust
Studies
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3.
The
Ugly Face of
Anti-Semitism
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4. Vatican
and the
Holocaust
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5.
Other
Victims and Intended Victims of the
Nazi Era
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6.
Comprehensive
List of Holocaust Study
Sources
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7. War
Crimes and Holocaust Related
Trials
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8.
Holocaust Denial on
Trial
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9.
Post
Holocaust
Issues
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10.
Myths,
Unfounded Stories, and Concocted
Representations About
the Holocaust
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"  When
you study the Holocaust,
you are studying the highest level of
organized hate in the history of
mankind."
John
Conway,
Ph.D., Professor Emeritus of History at
the University of British Columbia,
Canada,
Director of the Association of
Contemporary Church
Historians
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1.
Pre-Holocaust Studies
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The
Israeli Coat of Arms features the
Menorah, the candelabra used in the
ancient Temple in Jerusalem. It, along
with other Temple artifacts, was
captured almost two millennia ago by
the Romans during their siege of
Jerusalem.
According to the
historian Flavius Josephus, a Jew who
lived at the time of the Romans, "Most
of the spoils that were carried were
heaped up indiscriminately, but more
prominent than all the rest were those
captured in the Temple at Jerusalem - a
golden table weighing several hundred
weight, and a lampstand similarly made
of gold but differently constructed
from those we normally use. The central
shaft was fixed to a base, and from it
extended slender branches placed like
the prongs of a trident, and with the
end of each one forged into a lamp:
these numbered seven, signifying the
honour paid to that number by the
Jews."
(Josephus, The Jewish War, G.A.
Williamson, translator, Penguin,
1959.)
The
Arch of Titus in Rome has on it a
carving depicting the spoils of the
Temple - including the Menorah - being
carried triumphantly through
Rome.
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The
Menorah on the Arch of Titus, Rome,
Italy.
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Courtesy
of Israeli Ministry of Foreign
Affairs
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2.
Holocaust
Studies
- Why
Study the
Holocaust?
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United
States
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Holocaust
Memorial
Museum
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- The
Holocaust Education Program Resource
Guide
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"When
you study the Holocaust,
you are studying
the highest level of
organized hate
in the history of mankind."
John
Conway,
Ph.D.
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Understanding
the Holocaust leads to understanding
hate. Studying the rise of the Nazis
and their extermination of the Jews
and other social undesirables is an
exploration into how ordinary people
can, through mass persuasion and
social structural constraints, be
led into committing genocide, the
ultimate horror in human behavior.
[Drs. Carol
& Sam
Edelman,
California State University, Chico,
USA]
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Jews
Not Wanted
Here
Signs excluding Jews, such as the
sign shown here, were posted in
public places (including parks,
theaters, movie houses, and
restaurants) throughout
Nazi Germany.
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- From
Yad Vashem:
Basic
Bibliography of the Holocaust
- From
Simon Wiesenthal
Center:
The
Holocaust,
1933-1945
T
H
E
H
O
L
O
C
A
U
S
T
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Nazi
Germany,
1933-1938
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T
H
E
H
O
L
O
C
A
U
S
T
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- The
Courage To Remember The Holocaust
1933-1945
- Why
The Jews? The Patterns of
Persecution
- 1933:
German Jewish Life Before The
Nazis
- The
"Jewish Question": Nazi Policy
1933-1939
- The
Nightmare Begins: Hitler And The
Nazis
- Nazi
Propaganda Slogans, Myths, and
Images
- Nazi
Policy: Racism and
Terror
- Concentration
Camps 1933-1938
- In
Flight: 1933-1938
- 1938:
The Reich Expands
- Kristallnacht:
The Night of Broken
Glass
- Flight
Without Escape: The Jewish
Homeless
- The
Deadly Philosophy: Racial
Purity
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Moving
Toward the "Final Solution",
1939-1941
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- All
Necessary Preparations:
1933-1941
- Eastern
Europe: The Arena For Mass
Murder
- Isolate
and Destroy: The Jewish Question
in Occupied Territory
- Days
of Nightmare: The Lodz
Ghetto
- The
World Turned Upside Down: The
Warsaw Ghetto
- Blitzkrieg:
The Invasion and Occupation of
The West
- No
Escape: Greece and Yugoslavia
Fall
- Whatever
Can Be Saved: Daily Life In The
Ghettos
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Annihilation
in Nazi-occupied Europe,
1941-1945
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- The
Final Solution
- Death
By Design: The Invasion of The
Soviet Union
- Einsatzgruppen:
Mobile Killing Squads
- The
Final Choice:
Resistance
- Resistance
and Revenge: The Warsaw Ghetto
Revolt
- Mass
Murder: 1942-1945
- Theresienstadt:
The "Model" Ghetto
- Like
Dying Candles: Concentration Camp
Routine
- The
Enduring Spirit: Art of The
Holocaust
- Auschwitz-Birkenau:
The Death Factory
- Auschwitz-Birkenau:
Half Hell, Half Lunatic
Asylum
- The
Last Agony at Auschwitz:
Liberation, January
1945
- A
Righteous Few: Survival in Hiding
and Rescue
- Liberation:
The Unmasked Horror
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Liberation
- Building New
Lives
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- Bitterness
and Hope: The Legacy of The
Holocaust
- Crimes
Against Humanity: Nazis on
Trial
- Where
Now? Where to? The
Displaced
- Revival:
Building New Lives
- Remembrance
and Vigilance
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36
Questions About the Holocaust
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~ From
Simon Wiesenthal Learning
Center ~
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- The
Holocaust --A Guide for
Teachers
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JewishGen's
Holocaust
Databases
A
collection of databases
containing information about
Holocaust victims and
survivors.
It incorporates nearly 100
datasets which contain over
one million
entries.
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.From
The Danish Center for Holocaust and
Genocide Studies
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Why
did the Nazis murder the
Jews?
The
answer to this question is highly
debated among historians. Some have
stated that it had always been
Hitler's plan to exterminate the
Jews, while others have perceived
the mass murders as a result of a
long and curved process, where the
Nazi Jewish policy was gradually
radicalised.
The
Jews' presence in the
German-occupied parts of Europe was
seen as a problem and a great
annoyance. At best, they were to
disappear from the face of the
earth, so that the Nazis could reach
their goal: a Greater Germany free
from Jews. Different solutions were
tried: voluntary immigration, forced
immigration, and several different
plans for deportation. Plans
surfaced to deport all the Jews to
the east, first to eastern Poland,
then to Siberia. Serious plans were
also developed that included
deporting all European Jews to the
island of Madagascar, of the east
coast of Africa.
All
these plans had to be dropped,
however, because of the war. At the
same time, the Nazis had gained
experience with systematic mass
murder in the form of the Euthanasia
Programme, where physically and
psychologically disabled were killed
by the state. This constituted the
crossing of an important
psychological barrier. Another such
barrier was crossed with the
beginning of the Germans' incredibly
cruel war of extermination against
the Soviet Union, which commenced in
June 1941. All usual conventions for
warfare were dropped at the
beginning of this 'the final battle
against
Judeo-Bolshevism'.
The
result of the frustrations with the
unsuccessful deportation plans, of
the experiences with the euthanasia
actions, of the war with the Soviet
Union, and not least of the wish to
find the 'Final Solution to the
Jewish Question' --all these
elements lead to the systematic mass
murder of approximately 6 million
Jews.
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.<www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/hvadhvemhvor.asp>
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.From
The United States Holocaust Memorial
Museum
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What
is the Origin of the Word
"Holocaust"?
The
word holocaust comes from the
ancient Greek, olos meaning
"whole" and kaustos or
kautos meaning "burnt."
Appearing as early as the fifth
century B.C.E., the term can mean a
sacrifice wholly consumed by fire or
a great destruction of life,
especially by fire.
While
the word holocaust, with a
meaning of a burnt sacrificial
offering, does not have a
specifically religious connotation,
it appeared widely in religious
writings through the centuries,
particularly for descriptions of
"pagan" rituals involving burnt
sacrifices. In secular writings,
holocaust most commonly came
to mean "a complete or wholesale
destruction," a connotation
particularly dominant from the late
nineteenth century through the
nuclear arms race of the
mid-twentieth century. During this
time, the word was applied to a
variety of disastrous events ranging
from pogroms against Jews in Russia,
to the persecution and murder of
Armenians by Turks during World War
I, to the attack by Japan on Chinese
cities, to large-scale fires where
hundreds were killed.
Early
references to the Nazi murder of the
Jews of Europe continued this usage.
As early as 1941, writers
occasionally employed the term
holocaust with regard to the
Nazi crimes against the Jews, but in
these early cases, they did not
ascribe exclusivity to the term.
Instead of "the holocaust,"
writers referred to
"a holocaust," one of
many through the centuries. Even
when employed by Jewish writers, the
term was not reserved to a single
horrific event but retained its
broader meaning of large-scale
destruction. For example:
You
are meeting at a time of great
tragedy for our people. In our
... deep sense of mourning for
those who have fallen ... we must
steel our hearts to go on with
our work ... that perhaps a
better day will come for those
who will survive this holocaust.
(Chaim Weizmann, letter to Israel
Goldstein, December 24,
1942)
What
sheer folly to attempt to rebuild
any kind of Jewish life [in
Europe] after the holocaust
of the last twelve years!
(Zachariah Shuster, Commentary,
December 1945, p.10)
By
the late 1940s, however, a shift was
underway. Holocaust (with
either a lowercase or capital H)
became a more specific term due to
its use in Israeli translations of
the word sho'ah. This Hebrew
word had been used throughout Jewish
history to refer to assaults upon
Jews, but by the 1940s it was
frequently being applied to the
Nazis' murder of the Jews of Europe.
(Yiddish-speaking Jews used the term
churbn, a Yiddish translation of
sho'ah.) The equation of holocaust
with sho'ah was seen most
prominently in the official English
translation of the Israeli
Declaration of Independence in 1948,
in the translated publications of
Yad Vashem throughout the 1950s, and
in the journalistic coverage of the
Adolf Eichmann trial in Israel in
1961.
Such
usage strongly influenced the
adoption of holocaust as the
primary English-language referent to
the Nazi slaughter of European
Jewry, but the word's connection to
the "Final Solution" did not firmly
take hold for another two decades.
The April 1978 broadcast of the TV
movie, Holocaust, based on
Gerald Green's book of the same
name, and the very prominent use of
the term in [United States
President] Jimmy Carter's
creation of the President's
Commission on the Holocaust later
that same year, cemented its meaning
in the English-speaking world. These
events, coupled with the development
and creation of the United States
Holocaust Memorial Museum through
the 1980s and 1990s, established the
term Holocaust (with a
capital H) as the standard referent
to the systematic annihilation of
European Jewry by Germany's Nazi
regime.
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.<www.ushmm.org/research/library/faq/details.php?topic=01#02>
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Holocaust
Survivors and
Remembrance
Project:
"Forget You Not"™.
